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KMID : 0604520180440010095
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Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
2018 Volume.44 No. 1 p.95 ~ p.101
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Betaine Induces Epidermal Differentiation by Enhancement of Autophagy through an mTOR-independent Pathway
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Choi Seon-Guk
Kim Mi-Sun
Kim Jin-Hyun
Park Sun-Gyoo
Lee Cheon-Koo
Kang Nae-Gyu
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Abstract
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The epidermis which is stratified by epithelial tissue renewal based on keratinocyte differentiation protects the organism from various environmental insults by forming a physical barrier. Autophagy is a mechanism which mediates lysosomal delivery and degradation of protein aggregates, damaged organelles and intracellular microorganisms. Recent reports have shown that autophagy has critical roles for proper terminal differentiation to stratum corneum via removing metabolic organelles and nuclei. However, whether increasing autophagy can activate epidermal differentiation is unknown. Here, we screened a library of natural single compounds and discovered that betaine specifically increased the LC3 positive cytosolic punctate vesicles and LC3-I to LC3-II conversion in HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line, indicating increased autophagy flux. mTOR pathway, which negatively regulates autophagy, was not affected by betaine treatment, suggesting betaine-induced autophagy through an mTOR-independent pathway. Betaine-induced autophagy was also observed in primary human keratinocyte and skin equivalent. Furthermore, epidermal thickness was increased in skin equivalent under betaine treatment. Overall, our finding suggests that betaine as a novel regulator of autophagy may induce epidermal turnover and improve the skin barrier abnormality of the aged epidermis.
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KEYWORD
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betaine, autophagy, keratinocyte, mTOR, cosmetics
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